FORM [VERB] + s/es in third person
Examples:
- You speak English.
- Do you speak English?
- You do not speak English.
USE 1 Repeated Actions.
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do. Examples:
- I play tennis.
- She does not play tennis.
- Does he play tennis?
- The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
- The train does not leave at 9 AM.
- When does the train usually leave?
- She always forgets her purse.
- He never forgets his wallet.
- Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
- Does the Sun circle the Earth?
USE 2 Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things. Examples:
- Cats like milk.
- Birds do not like milk.
- Do pigs like milk?
- California is in America.
- California is not in the United Kingdom.
- Windows are made of glass.
- Windows are not made of wood.
- New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.
USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future
Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well. Examples:
- The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
- The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
- When do we board the plane?
- The party starts at 8 o’clock.
- When does class begin tomorrow?
USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.
Examples:
- I am here now.
- She is not here now.
- He needs help right now.
- He does not need help now.
- He has his passport in his hand.
- Do you have your passport with you?
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:
- You only speak English.
- Do you only speak English?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
- Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active
- Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive
source: http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresent.html
FORM: am/is/are + present participle
Examples:
You are watching TV.
Are you watching TV?
You are not watching TV.
USE 1 Now
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
Examples:
- You are learning English now.
- You are not swimming now.
- Are you sleeping?
- I am sitting.
- I am not standing.
- Is he sitting or standing?
- They are reading their books.
- They are not watching television.
- What are you doing?
- Why aren’t you doing your homework?
USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now
In English, “now” can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.
Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)
- I am studying to become a doctor.
- I am not studying to become a dentist.
- I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
- I am not reading any books right now.
- Are you working on any special projects at work?
- Aren’t you teaching at the university now?
USE 3 Near Future
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.
Examples:
- I am meeting some friends after work.
- I am not going to the party tonight.
- Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
- Isn’t he coming with us tonight?
USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with “Always”
The Present Continuous with words such as “always” or “constantly” expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words “always” or “constantly” between “be” and “verb+ing.”
Examples:
- She is always coming to class late.
- He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
- I don’t like them because they are always complaining.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Present.
Examples:
She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct- She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
- You are still watching TV.
- Are you still watching TV?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
- Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Active
- Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. Passive
source: http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentcontinuous.html
FORM: has/have + past participle
FORM: [has/have + past participle]
Examples:
- You have seen that movie many times.
- Have you seen that movie many times?
- You have not seen that movie many times.
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A:Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of “unspecified time” can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, “I have the experience of…” You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
-
I have been to France.
This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
-
I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
-
I have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
- I think I have seen that movie before.
- He has never traveled by train.
- Joan has studied two foreign languages.
-
A:Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
- You have grown since the last time I saw you.
- The government has become more interested in arts education.
- Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
- My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
- Man has walked on the Moon.
- Our son has learned how to read.
- Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
- Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
- James has not finished his homework yet.
- Susan hasn’t mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
- Bill has still not arrived.
-
The rain hasn’t stopped
.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
- The army has attacked that city five times.
- I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
- We have had many major problems while working on this project.
- She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
- Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
- I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
- They have had three tests in the last week.
- She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
-
My car has broken down three times this week
.
NOTICE
“Last year” and “in the last year” are very different in meaning. “Last year” means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. “In the last year” means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
- I went to Mexico last year
.I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one. - I have been to Mexico in the last year
.I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. “For five minutes,” “for two weeks,” and “since Tuesday” are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
- I have had a cold for two weeks.
- She has been in England for six months.
- Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words “live,” “work,” “teach,” and “study” are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
- You have only seen that movie one time.
- Have you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
- Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
- That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
source: http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfect.html
FORM: has/have + been + present participle
FORM: [has/have + been + present participle]
Examples:
- You have been waiting here for two hours.
- Have you been waiting here for two hours?
- You have not been waiting here for two hours.
USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. “For five minutes,” “for two weeks,” and “since Tuesday” are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.
Examples:
- They have been talking for the last hour.
- She has been working at that company for three years.
- What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
- James has been teaching at the university since June.
- We have been waiting here for over two hours!
- Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
USE 2 Recently, Lately
You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as “for two weeks.” Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of “lately.” We often use the words “lately” or “recently” to emphasize this meaning.
Examples:
- Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
- She has been watching too much television lately.
- Have you been exercising lately?
- Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
- Lisa has not been practicing her English.
- What have you been doing?
IMPORTANT
Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of “lately” or “recently.” If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as “Have you been feeling alright?”, it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as “Have you been smoking?” can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect.
Examples:
- Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct
- Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
- You have only been waiting here for one hour.
- Have you only been waiting here for one hour?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
- Recently, John has been doing the work. Active
- Recently, the work has been being done by John. Passive
NOTE: Present Perfect Continuous is less commonly used in its passive form.
source: http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfectcontinuous.html
Present Continuous Review
Present Continuous Forms
| Positive | Negative | Question |
|---|---|---|
| I am speaking. | Iam not speaking. | Am I speaking? |
| You are speaking. | You are not speaking. | Are you speaking? |
| We are speaking. | We are not speaking. | Are we speaking? |
| Theya re speaking. | They are not speaking. | Are they speaking? |
| He is speaking. | He is not speaking. | Is he speaking? |
| She is speaking. | She is not speaking. | Is she speaking? |
| It is speaking. | It is not speaking. | Is it speaking? |
Present Perfect Forms
| Positive | Negative | Question |
|---|---|---|
| I have traveled. | I have not traveled. | Have I traveled? |
| You have traveled. | You have not traveled. | Have you traveled? |
| We have traveled. | We have not traveled. | Have we traveled? |
| They have traveled | They have not traveled. | Have they traveled? |
| He has traveled. | He has not traveled. | Has he traveled? |
| She has traveled. | She has not traveled. | Has she traveled? |
| It has traveled. | It has not traveled. | Has it traveled? |
Present Perfect Continuous Forms
| Positive | Negative | Question |
|---|---|---|
| I have been sleeping. | I have not been sleeping. | Have I been sleeping? |
| You have been sleeping. | You have not been sleeping. | Have you been sleeping? |
| We have been sleeping. | We have not been sleeping. | Have we been sleeping? |
| They have been sleeping. | They have not been sleeping. | Have they been sleeping? |
| He has been sleeping. | He has not been sleeping. | Has he been sleeping? |
| She has been sleeping. | She has not been sleeping. | Has she been sleeping? |
| It has been sleeping. | It has not been sleeping. | Has it been sleeping? |
Most Verbs
Most verbs conjugate like the verb “run” below. Notice how you add an “s” to third-person forms. Third-person negative forms and third-person questions are made using “does.”
| Positive | Negative | Question |
|---|---|---|
| I run. | I do not run. | Do I run? |
| You run. | You do not run. | Do you run? |
| We run. | We do not run. | Do we run? |
| They run. | They do not run. | Do they run? |
| He runs. | He does not run. | Does he run? |
| She runs. | She does not run. | Does she run? |
| It runs. | It does not run. | Does it run? |
Instead of “s,” “es” is added to positive, third-person forms of verbs ending with the following sounds: s, z, sh, ch, j or zs (as in Zsa Zsa). These special “es”-forms have been marked below with an asterisk*.
| Positive | Negative | Question |
|---|---|---|
| I rush. | I do not rush. | Do I rush? |
| You rush. | You do not rush. | Do you rush? |
| We rush. | We do not rush. | Do we rush? |
| They rush. | They do not rush. | Do they rush? |
| He rushes. * | He does not rush. | Does he rush? |
| She rushes.* | She does not rush. | Does she rush? |
| It rushes. * | It does not rush. | Does it rush? |
To Have
The verb “have” is irregular in positive, third-person forms. This irregular form has been marked below with an asterisk*.
| Positive | Negative | Question |
|---|---|---|
| I have. | I do not have. | Do I have? |
| You have. | You do not have. | Do you have? |
| We have. | We do not have. | Do we have? |
| They have. | They do not have. | Do they have? |
| He has. * | He does not have. | Does he have? |
| She has. * | She does not have. | Does she have? |
| It has. * | It does not have. | Does it have? |
To Be
The verb “be” is irregular in the Simple Present. It also has different question forms and negative forms.
| Positive | Negative | Question |
|---|---|---|
| I am. | I am not. | Am I? |
| You are. | You are not. | Are you? |
| We are. | We are not. | Are we? |
| They are. | They are not. | Are they? |
| He is. | He is not. | Is he? |
| She is. | She is not. | Is she? |
| It is. | It is not. | Is it? |
Modal Verbs
Modal verbs behave differently from other verbs. Notice that they do not take “s” in the third person - there is no difference between first-person, second-person or third-person forms. Like the verb “be” described above, modal verbs also have different question forms and negative forms in Simple Present.
| Positive | Negative | Question |
|---|---|---|
| I should go. | I should not go. | Should I go? |
| You should go. | You should not go. | Should you go? |
| We should go. | We should not go. | Should we go? |
| They should go. | They should not go. | Should they go? |
| He should go. | He should not go. | Should he go? |
| She should go. | She should not go. | Should she go? |
| It should go. | It should not go. | Should it go? |
Grammar A1
****https://test-english.com/grammar-points/a1/****